the Areopagus

Религия: "тета"

Ἄρειος πάγος, ὁ (Ἄριος π. Tdf.—Hdt. 8, 52 et al.; Diod S 11, 77, 6; Paus., Attic. 1, 28, 5; Meisterhans³-Schw. 43, 3; 47, 21; SIG index IV) the Areopagus or Hill of Ares (Ares, the Gk. god of war = Rom. Mars, hence the older ‘Mars’ Hill’), northwest of the Acropolis in Athens Ac 17:19, 22. But the A. is to be understood here less as a place (where speakers were permitted to hold forth freely, and listeners were always at hand) than as the council, which met on the hill (ἐπὶ τὸν Ἀ.=before the A.; cp. 16:19, 17:6). For the opp. view s. MDibelius below. In Rom. times it was the most important governmental body in Athens; whether its functions included that of supervising education, particularly of controlling the many visiting lecturers (Thalheim [s. below] 632; Gärtner [s. below] 56ff), cannot be determined w. certainty.—Thalheim in Pauly-W. II 1896, 627ff; ECurtius, Pls. in Athen: SBBerlAk 1893, 925ff; WFerguson, Klio 9, 1909, 325–30; Ramsay, Bearing 101ff; AWikenhauser, Die AG 1921, 351ff; Beginn. IV ’33, 212f; JAdams, Paul at Athens: Rev. and Exp. 32, ’35, 50–56; MDibelius, Pls. auf d. Areopag. ’39; WSchmid, Philol 95, ’42, 79–120; MPohlenz, Pls. u. d. Stoa: ZNW 42, ’49, 69–104; NStonehouse, The Areopagus Address ’49; HHommel, Neue Forschungen zur Areopagrede: ZNW 46, ’55, 145–78; BGärtner, The Areopagus Speech and Natural Revelation ’55; EHaenchen, AG ’56, 457–74; WNauck, ZTK 53, ’56, 11–52; BAFCS II 447f.—DELG s.v. Ἄρης.

συνέδρ-ιον, τό,

A council, σ. κατασκευάζειν, συνάγειν, Pl.Prt. 317d, Aeschin.3.89;

ὁμογνώμονες τοῦ σ. πάντες IG14.952.28

(Acragas, iii B.C.); meeting,

μεταπεμφθέντων εἰς κοινὸν σ. τῶν.. δεκανῶν PTeb.27.31

(ii B.C.); of a council of war, X.HG1.1.31, etc.; of the Areopagus, Aeschin.1.91, Din.1.54; τὰ ς., of the 600 together with the Areopagus, IG22.3640; of a board of trade, D.58.8; of the Roman Senate, Plb.1.11.1, etc.; the Carthaginian Senate, Id.1.31.8; the Jewish Sanhedrin, Ev.Matt.5.22, etc. (also of local Councils attached to synagogues, ib.10.17, Ev.Marc.13.9, Cod.Just.1.9.17); the Senate at Constantinople, Lib.Or.20.37; τὸ σεμνότατον σ. τῆς γερουσίας, at Thasos, IG12(8).388;

τὸ σ. σ. τῶν γερόντων IGRom.4.782

([place name] Apamea); τὸ

χωρίον ἐν ᾧ σ. ἦν αὐτῷ τῶν πολιτῶν Gal.6.332

; freq. of a congress of Allies or Confederates, Hdt.8.56,75, X.HG7.1.39, D.18.22, Aeschin. 2.70, 3.58, D.S.16.89, etc.;

τὸ σ. τῶν Ἑλλάνων IG12(3).1259.4

(Smyrna, iv B.C.); ἁμῶν (sc. τῶν Ἀμφικτιόνων) OGI234.17 (Delph., iii B.C.), cf. SIG613.10 (ibid., ii B.C.); τὸ Ἑλληνικὸν ς. Plu.Arist. 19.

2 place of meeting, council-chamber, Hdt.8.79, X.HG2.4.23, POxy.717.8 (i B.C.); ἐν ς. in court, Lys.9.6;

ἐνεπρήσθη τὰ σ. τῶν Πυθαγορείων Plb.2.39.1

.

Mars (archaic and poet. Māvors, q. v.), Martis (collat. reduplic. form Marmar, in the Song of the Arval Brothers; v. the following, and Mamers), m. [root mar-, gleam; Sanscr. marīkis, beam of light; hence Mars, the bright god; cf.: marmor, mare], Mars, who, as father of Romulus, was the primogenitor of the Roman people, the god of war, of husbandry, of shepherds and seers. For him was named the month of Martius, March, the beginning of the Roman year, Ov. F. 3, 73 sqq.:

legio Martia... ab eo deo, a quo populum Romanum generatum accepimus,

Cic. Phil. 4, 2, 5:

Mars pater te precor quaesoque, uti sies volens propitius mihi, etc.,... ut tu morbos visos invisosque viduertatem vastitudinemque, calamitates intemperiasque prohibessis, etc.,

Cato, R. R. 141, 2; cf., in the Song of the Arval Brothers, NEVE LVERVE MARMAR SINS INCVRRERE IN PLEORIS;

for Mars pater, the forms Marspiter, gen. Marspitris, or -tĕris, and Maspiter were also employed,

Gell. 5, 12, 5; Macr. S. 1, 12; 19; Varr. L. L. 8, § 33 Müll.; 9, § 75; 10, § 65; Prisc. p. 695:

Mars Gradivus, Quirinus, Silvanus, Ultor, v. under h. vv.: Mars durus,

Verg. E 10, 44:

torvus,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 17:

cruentus,

id. ib. 2, 14, 13:

ferus,

Ov. H. 7, 160; id. F. 4, 25:

ferox,

id. M. 13, 11:

bellicus,

id. F. 3, 1:

fortibus sane oculis Cassius (Martem spirare dicens) se in Siciliam non iturum,

Cic. Att. 15, 11. The Salii were destined for his service, Liv. 1, 20, 4; horses and bulls were offered to him, Paul. ex Fest. p. 61 Müll.; Ov. H. 6, 10; Macr. S. 3, 10, 4:

per Martem, a soldier's oath,

Plaut. Mil. 5, 21. He was often appealed to in oaths, etc., esp. by soldiers:

Nam neque Duellona mi umquam neque Mars creduat, ni, etc.,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 8, 8; id. Mil. 1, 1, 11; id. Truc. 3, 1, 11.—

Transf.

War, battle, a conflict, engagement, contest, etc.; also the art of war: cum veter occubuit Priamus sub Marte Pelasgo, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P. (Ann. v. 17 Vahl.):

Martem accendere cantu,

to incite to battle, Verg. A. 6, 165:

apertus,

fighting in the open field, Ov. M. 13, 27: equitem suo alienoque Marte pugnare, i. e. to fight both in their own fashion (on horseback) and in one which was strange to them (on foot), Liv. 3, 62, 9:

pugna jam in manus, jam in gladios, ubi Mars est atrocissimus, venerat,

id. 2, 46, 3:

terribili Marte ululare,

Plin. 26, 4, 9, § 19:

captam sine Marte,

Stat. Ach. 1, 401:

quos amisimus cives, eos Martis vis perculit, non ira victoriae,

Cic. Marcell. 6, 17.— Poet.:

Mars forensis,

a contest in the forum, legal contest, Ov. P. 4, 6, 29; cf.:

et fora Marte suo litigiosa vacent,

id. F. 4, 188.—Hence, prov.: suo (nostro, vestro) Marte, by one's own exertions, without the assistance of others:

rex ipse suo Marte res suas recuperavit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 37, 95; id. Off. 3, 7, 34:

cum vos vestro Marte his rebus omnibus abundetis,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 4, § 9.—

The issue of a war or a battle, the fortune of war:

cum omnis belli Mars communis, et cum semper incerti exitus proeliorum sint,

Cic. Fam. 6, 4, 1: communis adhuc Mars belli erat, Liv. 10, 28:

aequo Marte,

with equal advantage, on equal terms, Caes. B. G. 7, 19, 3; 8, 19, 2; Curt. 4, 1, 8:

pari Marte,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 19:

aequato Marte,

Liv. 1, 25:

verso Marte ( = versā fortunā),

id. 29, 3, 11:

vario Marte pugnatum est,

Quint. 8, 6, 24:

incerto Marte,

Tac. H. 4, 35:

anceps,

Liv. 7, 29, 2; 21, 1, 2:

dubius,

Vell. 2, 55, 3.—

The planet Mars: Jovis stellae proximum inferiorem orbem tenet puroeis, quae stella Martis appellatur, Cic. N. D. 2, 20, 53; 2, 46, 119; Plin. 2, 8, 6, § 34; 2, 15, 12, § 60; Hyg. Astr. 2, 42:

Martis sidus,

Cassiod. Var. 11, 36.—Hence,

Mar-tĭus ( Māvortĭus, v. infra), a, um, adj.

Of or belonging to Mars:

lupus,

sacred to Mars, Verg. A. 9, 566; cf.: Martius lupus, integer et intactus, gentis nos Martiae et conditoris nostri admonuit, descended from Mars (since Mars is the father of Romulus and Remus), Liv. 10, 27:

legio,

Cic. Phil. 3, 3, 6; 4, 2, 5:

miles,

Ov. M. 14, 798:

proles,

i. e. Romulus and Remus, id. F. 3, 59:

anguis,

sacred to Mars, id. M. 3, 32:

judicium,

i. e. of the Areopagus at Athens, App. M. 10, p. 718 Oud.: Campus;

v. campus: harena,

a place in the Circus where the gladiators fought, Ov. Tr. 2, 282; Mart. 2, 75, 8:

gramen,

i. e. the Field of Mars, Hor. C. 3, 7, 26: Martius mensis, the month of March, formerly the first month of the year, Plin. 15, 3, 4, § 13:

Martii Calendis,

Hor. C. 3, 8, 1: Idus Martiae, the Ides of March, famous as the day on which Julius Cæsar was killed, Cic. Att. 14, 4, 2; cf. 14, 20, 1 sq.; id. Phil. 2, 35, 88; id. Fam. 10, 28, 1.— In the form Mavortius ( poet.):

moenia,

i. e. Rome, Verg. A. 1, 276:

tellus,

i. e. Thrace, id. G. 4, 462:

conjux,

i. e. Venus, Val. Fl. 2, 208:

proles,

i. e. the Thebans, Ov. M. 3, 531; cf.:

seges belli (because sprung from the dragon's teeth),

Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 135.—

Transf.

Warlike, martial:

Martia Penthesilea,

Verg. A. 11, 661:

Martia saeculi voluptas,

Mart. 5, 24, 1:

Martius aeris rauci canor,

Verg. G. 4, 71:

vulnera,

id. A. 7, 182:

Thebe,

i. e. where many wars were carried on, Ov. Am. 3, 6, 33.—

Of or belonging to the planet Mars:

ille fulgor rutilus, horribilisque terris, quem Martium dicitis,

Cic. Rep. 6, 17, 17.—As subst.: Mar-tĭus, ii, m. (sc. mensis), March, the month of March:

Mensium nomina fere aperta sunt, si a Martio, ut antiqui constituerunt, numeres, Nam primus a Marte,

Varr. L. L. 6, 4, § 33.—

Martĭālis, e, adj.

Of or belonging to Mars: Flamen, Varr L. L. 5, § 84 Müll.;

7, § 45 ib.: lupus,

sacred to Mars, Hor. C. 1, 17, 9:

ludi,

in honor of Mars, Suet. Claud. 1: Martialis collis, near the temple of Deus Fidius, Varr. L. L. 5, § 52 Müll.— Subst.: Martĭālis, is, m., a priest of Mars:

Martiales quidam Larini appellabantur, ministri publici Martis,

Cic. Clu. 15, 43.—

Belonging to the legio Martia; hence, Martĭāles, the soldiers of the legio Martia, Cic. Phil. 4, 2, 5.

Mars (archaic and poet. Māvors, q. v.), Martis (collat. reduplic. form Marmar, in the Song of the Arval Brothers; v. the following, and Mamers), m. [root mar-, gleam; Sanscr. marīkis, beam of light; hence Mars, the bright god; cf.: marmor, mare], Mars, who, as father of Romulus, was the primogenitor of the Roman people, the god of war, of husbandry, of shepherds and seers. For him was named the month of Martius, March, the beginning of the Roman year, Ov. F. 3, 73 sqq.:

legio Martia... ab eo deo, a quo populum Romanum generatum accepimus,

Cic. Phil. 4, 2, 5:

Mars pater te precor quaesoque, uti sies volens propitius mihi, etc.,... ut tu morbos visos invisosque viduertatem vastitudinemque, calamitates intemperiasque prohibessis, etc.,

Cato, R. R. 141, 2; cf., in the Song of the Arval Brothers, NEVE LVERVE MARMAR SINS INCVRRERE IN PLEORIS;

for Mars pater, the forms Marspiter, gen. Marspitris, or -tĕris, and Maspiter were also employed,

Gell. 5, 12, 5; Macr. S. 1, 12; 19; Varr. L. L. 8, § 33 Müll.; 9, § 75; 10, § 65; Prisc. p. 695:

Mars Gradivus, Quirinus, Silvanus, Ultor, v. under h. vv.: Mars durus,

Verg. E 10, 44:

torvus,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 17:

cruentus,

id. ib. 2, 14, 13:

ferus,

Ov. H. 7, 160; id. F. 4, 25:

ferox,

id. M. 13, 11:

bellicus,

id. F. 3, 1:

fortibus sane oculis Cassius (Martem spirare dicens) se in Siciliam non iturum,

Cic. Att. 15, 11. The Salii were destined for his service, Liv. 1, 20, 4; horses and bulls were offered to him, Paul. ex Fest. p. 61 Müll.; Ov. H. 6, 10; Macr. S. 3, 10, 4:

per Martem, a soldier's oath,

Plaut. Mil. 5, 21. He was often appealed to in oaths, etc., esp. by soldiers:

Nam neque Duellona mi umquam neque Mars creduat, ni, etc.,

Plaut. Bacch. 4, 8, 8; id. Mil. 1, 1, 11; id. Truc. 3, 1, 11.—

Transf.

War, battle, a conflict, engagement, contest, etc.; also the art of war: cum veter occubuit Priamus sub Marte Pelasgo, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 607 P. (Ann. v. 17 Vahl.):

Martem accendere cantu,

to incite to battle, Verg. A. 6, 165:

apertus,

fighting in the open field, Ov. M. 13, 27: equitem suo alienoque Marte pugnare, i. e. to fight both in their own fashion (on horseback) and in one which was strange to them (on foot), Liv. 3, 62, 9:

pugna jam in manus, jam in gladios, ubi Mars est atrocissimus, venerat,

id. 2, 46, 3:

terribili Marte ululare,

Plin. 26, 4, 9, § 19:

captam sine Marte,

Stat. Ach. 1, 401:

quos amisimus cives, eos Martis vis perculit, non ira victoriae,

Cic. Marcell. 6, 17.— Poet.:

Mars forensis,

a contest in the forum, legal contest, Ov. P. 4, 6, 29; cf.:

et fora Marte suo litigiosa vacent,

id. F. 4, 188.—Hence, prov.: suo (nostro, vestro) Marte, by one's own exertions, without the assistance of others:

rex ipse suo Marte res suas recuperavit,

Cic. Phil. 2, 37, 95; id. Off. 3, 7, 34:

cum vos vestro Marte his rebus omnibus abundetis,

id. Verr. 2, 3, 4, § 9.—

The issue of a war or a battle, the fortune of war:

cum omnis belli Mars communis, et cum semper incerti exitus proeliorum sint,

Cic. Fam. 6, 4, 1: communis adhuc Mars belli erat, Liv. 10, 28:

aequo Marte,

with equal advantage, on equal terms, Caes. B. G. 7, 19, 3; 8, 19, 2; Curt. 4, 1, 8:

pari Marte,

Hirt. B. G. 8, 19:

aequato Marte,

Liv. 1, 25:

verso Marte ( = versā fortunā),

id. 29, 3, 11:

vario Marte pugnatum est,

Quint. 8, 6, 24:

incerto Marte,

Tac. H. 4, 35:

anceps,

Liv. 7, 29, 2; 21, 1, 2:

dubius,

Vell. 2, 55, 3.—

The planet Mars: Jovis stellae proximum inferiorem orbem tenet puroeis, quae stella Martis appellatur, Cic. N. D. 2, 20, 53; 2, 46, 119; Plin. 2, 8, 6, § 34; 2, 15, 12, § 60; Hyg. Astr. 2, 42:

Martis sidus,

Cassiod. Var. 11, 36.—Hence,

Mar-tĭus ( Māvortĭus, v. infra), a, um, adj.

Of or belonging to Mars:

lupus,

sacred to Mars, Verg. A. 9, 566; cf.: Martius lupus, integer et intactus, gentis nos Martiae et conditoris nostri admonuit, descended from Mars (since Mars is the father of Romulus and Remus), Liv. 10, 27:

legio,

Cic. Phil. 3, 3, 6; 4, 2, 5:

miles,

Ov. M. 14, 798:

proles,

i. e. Romulus and Remus, id. F. 3, 59:

anguis,

sacred to Mars, id. M. 3, 32:

judicium,

i. e. of the Areopagus at Athens, App. M. 10, p. 718 Oud.: Campus;

v. campus: harena,

a place in the Circus where the gladiators fought, Ov. Tr. 2, 282; Mart. 2, 75, 8:

gramen,

i. e. the Field of Mars, Hor. C. 3, 7, 26: Martius mensis, the month of March, formerly the first month of the year, Plin. 15, 3, 4, § 13:

Martii Calendis,

Hor. C. 3, 8, 1: Idus Martiae, the Ides of March, famous as the day on which Julius Cæsar was killed, Cic. Att. 14, 4, 2; cf. 14, 20, 1 sq.; id. Phil. 2, 35, 88; id. Fam. 10, 28, 1.— In the form Mavortius ( poet.):

moenia,

i. e. Rome, Verg. A. 1, 276:

tellus,

i. e. Thrace, id. G. 4, 462:

conjux,

i. e. Venus, Val. Fl. 2, 208:

proles,

i. e. the Thebans, Ov. M. 3, 531; cf.:

seges belli (because sprung from the dragon's teeth),

Claud. III. Cons. Hon. 135.—

Transf.

Warlike, martial:

Martia Penthesilea,

Verg. A. 11, 661:

Martia saeculi voluptas,

Mart. 5, 24, 1:

Martius aeris rauci canor,

Verg. G. 4, 71:

vulnera,

id. A. 7, 182:

Thebe,

i. e. where many wars were carried on, Ov. Am. 3, 6, 33.—

Of or belonging to the planet Mars:

ille fulgor rutilus, horribilisque terris, quem Martium dicitis,

Cic. Rep. 6, 17, 17.—As subst.: Mar-tĭus, ii, m. (sc. mensis), March, the month of March:

Mensium nomina fere aperta sunt, si a Martio, ut antiqui constituerunt, numeres, Nam primus a Marte,

Varr. L. L. 6, 4, § 33.—

Martĭālis, e, adj.

Of or belonging to Mars: Flamen, Varr L. L. 5, § 84 Müll.;

7, § 45 ib.: lupus,

sacred to Mars, Hor. C. 1, 17, 9:

ludi,

in honor of Mars, Suet. Claud. 1: Martialis collis, near the temple of Deus Fidius, Varr. L. L. 5, § 52 Müll.— Subst.: Martĭālis, is, m., a priest of Mars:

Martiales quidam Larini appellabantur, ministri publici Martis,

Cic. Clu. 15, 43.—

Belonging to the legio Martia; hence, Martĭāles, the soldiers of the legio Martia, Cic. Phil. 4, 2, 5.

ἄνω (A), imper.

A

ἀνέτω S.Ichn.70

, inf.

ἄνειν Pl.Cra. 415a

, part. ἄνων, [tense] impf. ἦνον, etc. (v. infr.): [tense] aor.

ἤνεσα IG7.3226

(Orchom. [dialect] Boeot.), Hymn.Is.35, prob. in AP7.701.1 (Diod.) ( ἤνεσ' codd.):— = ἀνύω, ἀνύτω, accomplish, finish,

ἦνον ὁδόν Od.3.496

;

οὔτ' ἄν τι θύων οὔτ' ἐπισπένδων ἄνοις A.Fr. 161

(Dobree, cf. AB406);

ἀλλ' οὐδὲν ἦνεν E.Andr. 1132

;

ἦ τὸ δέον.. ἤνομεν; S.Ichn.98

; ταῦτα πρὸς ἀνδρός ἐστ' ἄνοντος εἰς σωτηρίαν (cf.

ἀνύω 1.6

) Ar.V. 369;

ἀρυσσάμενοι ποτὸν ἤνομεν AP 11.64

(Agath.).

II [voice] Pass., come to an end, be finished, mostly of a period of time, μάλα γὰρ νὺξ ἄνεται night is quickly drawing to a close, Il.10.251; ἔτος ἀνόμενον the waning year, Hdt.7.20;

ἦμαρ ἀνόμενον A.R.2.494

;

ἀνομένου τοῦ μηνός SIG577.30

(Milet., iii/ii B.C.); also

ὅππως.. ἔργον ἄνοιτο Il.18.473

;

ἤνετο τὸ ἔργον Hdt.1.189

, 8.71;

ἀνομένων βημάτων A.Ch. 799

;

ὁπόταν θήρης.. ἔργον ἄνηται Opp.H.5.442

: impers., λιταῖς ἄνεται, = λιταὶ ἀνύονται, Pi.O.8.8. [[pron. full] ᾱ Hom., exc. Il.18.473: afterwds. common, cf. A. l.c., Opp.H. l.c. Orig. ἄνϝω, cf. ἀνύω.]

------------------------------------

ἄνω (B), [dialect] Aeol. [full] ὄνω, Adv., ([etym.] ἀνά):

I with Verbs implying Motion, upwards,

ἄ. ὤθεσκε ποτὶ λόφον Od.11.596

; ἄ. ἀπὸ θαλάσσης ἀναπλεῖν up stream, Hdt.2.155;

ἄ. ποταμῶν χωροῦσι παγαί E.Med. 410

(lyr.), hence "ἄ. ποταμῶν", proverbial, D.19.287, etc.;

κόνις δ' ἄ. φορεῖτο S. El. 714

;

κονιορτὸς ἄ. ἐχώρει Th.4.34

; ἡ ἄ. ὁδός the upward road, Pl. R. 621c; ἄ. ἰόντι going up the country (i.e. inland, v. infr. 11.1f), Hdt.2.8; ἄ. κάτω, v. infr. 11.2; πέμπειν ἄ., i.e. from the nether world, A.Pers. 645 (lyr.), cf. Ch. 147;

σύριγγες ἄ. φυσῶσιμέλαν μένος S. Aj. 1412

(lyr.).

II with Verbsimplying Rest, aloft, on high, ib. 240, etc.;

τὸ ἄ. Pl.Phdr. 248a

, etc.

b on earth, opp. the world below,

νέρθε κἀπὶ γῆς ἄ. S.OT 416

;

ἡνίκ' ἦσθ' ἄ. Id.El. 1167

;

ἄ. βλέπειν Id.Ph. 1348

;

ἄ. ἐπὶ [τῆς] γῆς Pl.Phd. 109c

; οἱ ἄ. the living, opp. οἱ κάτω the dead, S.Ant. 1068, cf. Ph. 1348, etc.; τὰ ἄ. πράγματα the world above, Luc.Cont.1.

c in heaven, opp. earth, οἱ ἄ. θεοί the gods above, S.Ant. 1072;

κῆρυξ τῶν ἄ. τε καὶ κάτω A.Ch. 124

: esp. in NT,

ἐκ τῶν ἄ. εἰμί Ev.Jo.8.23

;

ἡ ἄ. Ἱερουσαλήμ Ep.Gal.4.26

;

ἡ ἄ. κλῆσις Ep.Phil.3.14

.

d generally, of relative position, ὁ δῆμος ἄ. καθῆτο in the upper quarter of the city, i.e. the Pnyx, D.18.169; ἡ ἄ. βουλή, i.e. the Areopagus, Plu.Sol.19; βαλλόμενοι ὑπὸ τῶν ἄ. by those above on the roofs, Th.4.48;

τὰ ἄ. X.An.4.3.25

; τὰ ἄ. τῆς οἰκίας, opp. θεμέλια, Id.Eq.1.2;

οἱ ἄ. τόποι OGI111.17

.

e geographically, on the upper side, i.e. on the north,

ἄ. πρὸς βορέην Hdt.1.72

; οὔτε τὰ ἄ. χωρία οὔτε τὰ κάτω [οὔτε τὰ πρὸς τὴν ἠῶ οὔτε τὰ πρὸς τὴν ἑσπέρην] Id.1.142;

ὁ ἄ. τόπος Pl.R. 435e

.

f inward from the coast,

ἡ ἄ. Ἀσίη Hdt.1.95

; τὰ ἄ. τῆς Ἀσίης ib. 177; ἡ ἄ. ὁδός the upper or inland road, Id.7.128, X.An.3.1.8; ἡ ἄ. πόλις, opp. the Piraeus, Th.2.48; in full, οἱ ἀπὸ θαλάσσης ἄ. ib.83;

ἡ ἄ. Μακεδονία Plu.Pyrrh.11

; ὁ ἄ. βασιλεύς the king of the upper country, i.e. of Persia, X.An.7.1.28.

g in the race-course,

τὰ ἄ.

turning-post,

Pl.R. 613b

; cf. κάτω.

h in the body, τὰ ἄ. the upper parts, opp. τὸ κάτω, Arist.GA 741b28, al.;

ἡ ἄ. κοιλία Id.Mete. 360b23

.

i of Time, formerly, of old, εἰς τὸ ἄ. reckoning upwards or backwards, of generations, Pl.Tht. 175b; οἱ ἄ. men of olden time, Id.Criti. 110b;

οἱ ἄ. τοῦ γένους Id.Lg. 878a

; αἱ ἄ. μητρός the mother's lineal ancestors, Id.R. 461c, cf. infr. c;

ἐν τοῖς ἄ. χρόνοις D.18.310

.

k above, in referring to a passage, Pl.Grg. 508e;

ἐν τοῖς ἄ. λόγοις R. 603d

, cf. Arist.Rh. 1412b33, etc.

1 of tones in the voice,

οἱ ἄ. τόνοι Plu.Cic.3

.

m metaph., ἄ. βαίνειν walk proudly, Philostr.VA1.13;

ἄ. φρονεῖν Hld.7.23

.

n higher, more general, of κατηγορίαι, Arist.AP0.82a23.

2 ἄ. καὶ κάτω up and down, to and fro,

εἷρπ' ἄ. τε καὶ κάτω E.HF 953

;

ἄ. καὶ κ. φεύγειν Ar.Ach.21

;

ἄ. τε καὶ κ. κυκᾶν Id.Eq. 866

;

περιπατεῖν ἄ. κ. Id.Lys. 709

.

b upside-down, topsy-turvy,

τὰ μὲν ἄ. κ. θήσω, τὰ δὲ κ. ἄ. Hdt.3.3

;

πάντ' ἄ. τε καὶ κ. στρέφων τίθησιν A.Eu. 650

;

τρέπουσα τύρβ' ἄ. κ. Id.Fr. 311

, cf. Ar.Av.3;

ἄ. κ. συγχεῖν E.Ba. 349

;

ἄ. καὶ κ. ποιεῖν τὰ πράγματα D.9.36

;

τοὺς νόμους στρέφειν 21.19

;

πόλλ' ἄ., τὰ δ' αὖ κ. κυλίνδοντ' ἐλπίδες Pi.O.12.6

;

πολλάκις ἐμαυτὸν ἄ. κ. μετέβαλλον

backwards and forwards,

Pl.Phd. 96a

, cf. Prt. 356d.

3 ἄ. ἔχειν τὸ πνεῦμα pant or gasp, Men.23, cf. Sosicr.1.

B as Prep. with gen., above,

ἡ ἄ. Ἅλυος Ἀσίη Hdt.1.130

, cf. 103, Call.Jov.24; αἱ ἄ. μητρός (v. supr. 11.1 i); ἄ. τοῦ γόνατος above the knee, Thphr.Char.4.4;

ἀπὸ ἄ. τῆς χθονὸς ταύτης LXX 3 Ki.14.15

.

2 with partitive gen., αἰθέρος ἄ. ἑλεῖν dub. in S.Ph. 1092, cf. E.Or. 1542;

γῆς ἥκοντ' ἄ. Id.HF 616

;

μικρὸν προαγαγὼν ἄ. τῶν πραγμάτων Aeschin.2.34

.

C [comp] Comp. ἀνωτέρω, abs., higher,

ἀ. θακῶν.. Ζεύς A.Pr. 314

; ἀ. οὐδὲν τῶν πρηγμάτων προκοπτομένων not getting on any farther, Hdt. 1.190;

ἀδελφῷ ἢ πατρὶ ἢ ἔτι ἀ. Pl.Lg. 880b

;

οὐ προήϊσαν ἀ. τὸ πρὸς ἑσπέρης Hdt.8.130

.

2 c. gen., ἀ. Σάμου ib. 132;

ἀ. γίγνεσθαί τινων X.An.4.2.25

; ἀ. τῶν μαστῶν above them, ib.1.4.17; later

ἀνώτερον Plb.1.7.2

, etc.; cf. ἀνώτερος.

II [comp] Sup. ἀνωτάτω, ἐς τοὺς ἀ. (sc. στάντας) Hdt.7.23;

ἡ ἀ. κώμη X.An.7.4.11

;

ἀνῳκίσανθ' ὅπως ἀ. Ar. Pax 207

; ἡ ἀ. ἄσκησις the highest, Arr.Epict.3.24.84, cf. Ph.1.33, al.;

τὰ ἀ. τῶν γενῶν Arist.Metaph. 998b18

, cf. Zeno Stoic.1.51, S.E.P. 1.138;

τὰ ἀ. τρία Ph.1.321

; ἡ ἀ. διαίρεσις Ps.-Alex.Aphr. in SE20.27.

ἐκ, before a vowel [full] ἐξ, also

A

ἐξ τῳ ϝοίκῳ Inscr.Cypr. 135.5

H., in [dialect] Att. Inscrr. before ς ξ ζ ρ and less freq. λ ; ἐγ- in Inscrr. before β γ δ λ μ ν ; Cret. and [dialect] Boeot. [full] ἐς Leg.Gort.2.49, Corinn.Supp.2.67 ; ἐχ freq. in [dialect] Att. Inscrr. before χ φ θ (and in early Inscrr. before ς, IG12.304.20) ; also ἐ Ναυπάκτω ib.9(1).334.8 ([dialect] Locr.) ; (ἐτ is for ἐπὶ in ib 9(2).517.14 (Thess.)):—Prep. governing GEN. only (exc. in Cypr. and Arc., c. dat., Inscr.Cypr.135.5 H. ([place name] Idalium), (in form ἐς) IG5(2).6.49 (Tegea, iv B.C.)):—radical sense, from out of, freq. also simply, from.

I OF PLACE, the most freq. usage, variously modified:

1 of Motion, out of, forth from,

ἐκ Πύλου ἐλθὼν τηλόθεν ἐξ ἀπίης γαίης Il.1.269

, cf.Pl.Prt. 321c, etc. ;

μάχης ἔκ Il.17.207

;

ἂψ ἐκ δυσμενέων ἀνδρῶν 24.288

; ἐξ ὀχέων, ἐξ ἕδρης, 3.29, 19.77 ;

φεύγειν ἐκ πολέμοιο 7.119

;

ἐκ τῶν πολεμίων ἐλθεῖν X.Cyr.6.2.9

;

ἐκ χειρῶν γέρας εἵλετο Il.9.344

, cf. S.Ph. 1287 (but ἐκ χειρὸς βάλλειν or παίειν to strike with a spear in the hand, opp. ἀντιτοξεύειν or ἀκοντίζειν, X.An.3.3.15, Cyr.4.3.16 ; ἐκ χειρὸς τὴν μάχην ποιεῖσθαι ib.6.2.16, cf. 6.3.24, etc.) ; ἐκ χρυσῶν φιαλῶν πίνειν ib.5.3.3 ;

ἐξ ἀγορᾶς ὠνεῖσθαι Pl.Com.190

.

2 ἐκ θυμοῦ φίλεον I loved her from my heart, with all my heart, Il.9.343 ;

ἐκ τῆς ψυχῆς ἀσπάσασθαι X.Oec.10.4

;

μέγαν ἐκ θυμοῦ κλάζοντες Ἄρη A.Ag.48

(anap.) ;

δακρυχέων ἐκ φρενός Id.Th. 919

(anap.) ;

οὐδὲν ἐκ σαυτῆς λέγεις S.El. 344

; ἐξ εὐμενῶν στέρνων δέχεσθαι receive with kindly heart, Id.OC 486 ;

ἐξ ὀμμάτων ὀρθῶν δὲ κἀξ ὀρθῆς φρενός Id.OT 528

; ὀρθὸς ἐξ ὀρθῶν δίφρων with chariot still upright, Id.El. 742 ;

ἐξ ἀκινήτου ποδός Id.Tr. 875

;

ἐξ ἑνὸς ποδός Id.Ph.91

.

3 to denote change or succession, freq. with an antithetic repetition of the same word, δέχεται κακὸν ἐκ κακοῦ one evil comes from (or after) another, Il.19.290 ;

ἐκ φόβου φόβον τρέφω S.Tr.28

; πόλιν ἐκ πόλεως ἀμείβειν, ἀλλάττειν, Pl. Sph. 224b, Plt. 289e ;

λόγον ἐκ λόγου λέγειν D.18.313

;

πόρους ἐκ πόρων ὑπισχνούμενοι Alciphr.1.8

;

ἀπαλλάττειν τινὰ ἐκ γόων S.El. 291

;

ἐκ κακῶν πεφευγέναι Id.Ant. 437

: hence, instead of,

τυφλὸς ἐκ δεδορκότος Id.OT 454

;

λευκὴν..ἐκ μελαίνης ἀμφιβάλλομαι τρίχα Id.Ant. 1093

;

ἐλεύθερος ἐκ δούλου καὶ πλούσιος ἐκ πτωχοῦ γεγονώς D.18.131

, cf. X. An.7.7.28, etc.

4 to express separation or distinction from a number, ἐκ πολέων πίσυρες four out of many, Il.15.680 ;

μοῦνος ἐξ ἁπάντων σωθῆναι Hdt.5.87

; εἶναι ἐκ τῶν δυναμένων to be one of the wealthy, Pl.Grg. 525e ; ἐμοὶ ἐκ πασέων Ζεὺς ἄλγε' ἔδωκεν to me out of (i.e. above) all, Il. 18.431, cf. 432 ;

ἐκ πάντων μάλιστα 4.96

, cf. S.Ant. 1137 (lyr.), etc. ; redundant,

εἷς τῶν ἐκ τῶν φίλων σου LXX Jd.15.2

.

5 of Position, outside of, beyond, chiefly in early writers, ἐκ βελέων out of shot, Il.14.130, etc. ; ἐκ καπνοῦ out of the smoke, Od.19.7 ; ἐκ πατρίδος banished from one's country, 15.272 ; ἐκ μεσου κατῆστο sate down apart from the company, Hdt.3.83 ; ἐξ ἠθέων τὸν ἥλιον ἀνατεῖλαι out of its accustomed quarters, Id.2.142; ἐξ ὀφθαλμῶν out of sight, Id.5.24 ; ἐξ ὁδοῦ out of the road, S.OC 113.

6 with Verbs of Rest, where previous motion is implied, on, in, δαῖέ οἱ ἐκ κόρυθος..πῦρ lighted a fire from (i.e. on) his helmet, Il.5.4 ; ἐκ ποταμοῦ χρόα νίζετο washed his body in the river ( with water from the river), Od.6.224 : freq. with Verbs signifying hang or fasten, σειρήν..ἐξ οὐρανόθεν κρεμάσαντες having hung a chain from heaven, Il.8.19 ; ἐκ πασσαλόφι κρέμασεν φόρμιγγα he hung his lyre from (i.e. on) the peg, Od.8.67 ; ἀνάπτεσθαι ἔκ τινος fasten from i.e. upon) a thing, 12.51 ;

μαχαίρας εἶχον ἐξ ἀργυρέων τελαμώνων Il.18.598

; πρισθεὶς ἐξ ἀντύγων gripped to the chariot-rail, S.Aj. 1030, etc.; ἐκ τοῦ βραχίονος ἵππον ἐπέλκουσα leading it [ by a rein] upon her arm, Hdt.5.12 : with Verbs signifying hold, lead, ἐξ ἐκείνων ἔχειν τὰς ἐλπίδας to have their hopes dependent upon them, Th.1.84 ; ἐκ χειρὸς ἄγειν lead by the hand, Bion Fr.7.2 ; ἐκ ποδὸς ἕπεσθαι ib.6.2 ;

ἐκ τῆς οὐρᾶς λαμβάνεσθαι Luc.Asin.23

: with the Art. indicating the place of origin, οἱ ἐκ τῶν νήσων κακοῦργοι the robbers of the islands, Th.1.8, cf. 2.5, 13 ; τοὺς ἐκ τῆς ναυμαχίας those in the sea-fight, Pl. Ap. 32b ; τοὺς ἐκ τῶν σκηνῶν those in the tents, D.18.169 ;

ἁρπασόμενοι τὰ ἐκ τῶν οἰκιῶν X.Cyr.7.2.5

;

οἱ ἐκ τοῦ πεδίου ἔθεον Id.An. 4.6.25

: even with Verbs of sitting or standing, εἰσεῖδε στᾶσ' ἐξ Οὐλύμποιο from Olympus where she stood, Il.14.154 ; καθῆσθαι ἐκ πάγων to sit on the heights and look from them, S.Ant. 411 ;

στὰς ἐξ ἐπάλξεων ἄκρων E.Ph. 1009

; ἐκ βυθοῦ at the bottom, Theoc.22.40 : phrases, ἐκ δεξιᾶς, ἐξ ἀριστερᾶς, on the right, left, X.Cyr.8.3.10, etc.; οἱ ἐξ ἐναντίας, οἱ ἐκ πλαγίοὐ ib.7.1.20 ; ἐκ θαλάσσης, opp. ἐκ τῆς μεσογείας, D.18.301.

7 νικᾶν ἔκ τινος win a victory over.., Apoc.15.2.

II OF TIME, elliptic with Pron. relat. and demonstr., ἐξ οὗ [ χρόνου] since, Il.1.6, Od.2.27, etc.; in apod., ἐκ τοῦ from that time, Il.8.296 ;

ἐκ τούτου X.An.5.8.15

, etc. (but ἐκ τοῖο thereafter, Il.1.493, and ἐκ τούτων or ἐκ τῶνδε usu. after this, X.Mem.2.9.4, S.OT 235) ;

ἐξ ἐκείνου Th.2.15

; ἐκ πολλοῦ (sc. χρόνου) for a long time, Id.1.68, etc.;

ἐκ πλέονος χρόνου Id.8.45

; ἐκ πλείστου ib.68 ; ἐξ ὀλίγου at short notice, Id.2.11 (but also a short time since, Plu.Caes.28) ;

ἐκ παλαιοῦ X.Mem.3.5.8

;

ἐκ παλαιτάτου Th.1.18

.

2 of particular points of time,

ἐκ νεότητος..ἐς γῆρας Il.14.86

;

ἐκ γενετῆς 24.535

; ἐκ νέου, ἐκ παιδός, from boyhood, Pl.Grg. 510d, R. 374c, etc.;

ἐκ μικροῦ παιδαρίου D.53.19

;

ἐξ ἀρχῆς A.Eu. 284

, etc.; καύματος ἔξ after hot weather, Il.5.865; νέφος ἔρχεται οὐρανὸν εἴσω αἰθέρος ἐκ δίης after clear weather, 16.365 ;

ἐκ δὲ αἰθρίης καὶ νηνεμίης συνδραμεῖν ἐξαπίνης νέφεα Hdt.1.87

; so (like ἀπό II) ἐκ τῆς θυσίης γενέσθαι to have just finished sacrifice, ib.50, etc.; ἐκ τοῦ ἀρίστου after breakfast, X.An.4.6.21 ; ἐξ εἰρήνης πολεμεῖν to go to war after peace, Th. 1.120 ;

γελάσαι ἐκ τῶν ἔμπροσθεν δακρύων X.Cyr.1.4.28

;

κάλλιστον ἦμαρ εἰσιδεῖν ἐκ χείματος A.Ag. 900

;

τὴν θάλασσαν ἐκ Διονυσίων πλόϊμον εἶναι Thphr.Char.3.3

; ἐκ χειμῶνος at the end of winter, Plu. Nic.20.

3 at, in,

ἐκ νυκτῶν Od.12.286

;

ἐκ νυκτός X.Cyr.1.4.2

, etc.;

ἐξ ἡμέρας S.El. 780

;

ἐκ μέσω ἄματος Theoc.10.5

; ἐκ τοῦ λοιποῦ or ἐκ τῶν λοιπῶν for the future, X.Smp.4.56, Pl.Lg. 709e.

III OF ORIGIN,

1 of Material, out of or of which things are made,

γίγνεταί τι ἔκ τινος Parm.8.12

;

ποιέεσθαι ἐκ ξύλων τὰ πλοῖα Hdt.1.194

;

πίνοντας ἐκ κριθῶν μέθυ A.Supp. 953

;

εἶναι ἐξ ἀδάμαντος Pl.R. 616c

;

ἐκ λευκῶ ἐλέφαντος αἰετοί Theoc.15.123

;

στράτευμα ἀλκιμώτατον ἂν γένοιτο ἐκ παιδικῶν X.Smp.8.32

; συνετάττετο ἐκ τῶν ἔτι προσιόντων formed line of battle from the troops as they marched up, Id.An.1.8.14.

2 of Parentage, ἔκ τινος εἶναι, γενέσθαι, etc., Il. 20.106,6.206, etc.; ἐκ γὰρ ἐμεῦ γένος ἐσσί (where γένος is acc. abs.) 5.896 ;

σῆς ἐξ αἵματός εἰσι γενέθλης 19.111

;

ὦ παῖ πατρὸς ἐξ Ἀχιλλέως S.Ph. 260

;

πίρωμις ἐκ πιρώμιος Hdt.2.143

;

ἀγαθοὶ καὶ ἐξ ἀγαθῶν Pl.Phdr. 246a

;

τὸν ἐξ ἐμῆς μητρός S.Ant. 466

, etc.

3 of Place of Origin or Birth,

ἐκ Σιδῶνος..εὔχομαι εἶναι Od.15.425

, cf. Th.1.25, etc.;

ἐκ τῶν ἄνω εἰμί Ev.Jo.8.23

; ἡ ἐξ Ἀρείου πάγου βουλή the Areopagus, Arist.Ath.4.4, etc. ;

οἱ ἐκ τῆς διατριβῆς ταύτης Aeschin.1.54

; οἱ ἐκ τοῦ Περιπάτου the Peripatetics, Luc.Pisc.43 ; ὁ ἐξ Ἀκαδημείας the Academic, Ath.1.34b ;

οἱ ἐκ πίστεως Ep.Gal.3.7

;

οἱ ἐξ ἐριθείας Ep.Rom.2.8

.

4 of the Author or Occasion of a thing, ὄναρ, τιμὴ ἐκ Διός ἐστιν, Il.1.63,2.197, cf. Od.1.33, A.Pers. 707, etc.; θάνατος ἐκ μνηστήρων death by the hand of the suitors, Od.16.447 ; τὰ ἐξ Ἑλλήνων τείχεα walls built by them, Hdt.2.148 ; κίνημα ἐξ αὑτοῦ spontaneous motion, Plot.6.1.21 ;

ὕμνος ἐξ Ἐρινύων A.Eu. 331

(lyr.) ;

ἡ ἐξ ἐμοῦ δυσβουλία S.Ant.95

;

ὁ ἐξ ἐμοῦ πόθος Id.Tr. 631

.

5 with the agent after [voice] Pass. Verbs, by, Poet. and early Prose, ἐφίληθεν ἐκ Διός they were beloved of (i.e.by) Zeus, Il.2.669 ; κήδε' ἐφῆπται ἐκ Διός ib. 70;

προδεδόσθαι ἐκ Πρηξάσπεος Hdt.3.62

;

τὰ λεχθέντα ἐξ Ἀλεξάνδρου Id.7.175

, cf. S.El. 124 (lyr.), Ant.93, Th.3.69, Pl.Ti. 47b;

ἐξ ἁπάντων ἀμφισβητήσεται Id.Tht. 171b

;

ὁμολογουμένους ἐκ πάντων X.An.2.6.1

;

τὰς ἐκ θεῶν τύχας δοθείσας S.Ph. 1316

, cf. Pl.Ly. 204c : with neut. Verbs,

ἐκ..πατρὸς κακὰ πείσομαι Od.2.134

, cf. A.Pr. 759 ;

τλῆναί τι ἔκ τινος Il.5.384

;

θνήσκειν ἔκ τινος S.El. 579

, OT 854, etc.;

τὰ γενόμενα ἐξ ἀνθρώπων Hdt.1.1

.

6 of Cause, Instrument, or Means by which a thing is done, ἐκ πατέρων φιλότητος in consequence of our fathers' friendship, Od.15.197 ;

μήνιος ἐξ ὀλοῆς 3.135

;

ἐξ ἔριδος Il. 7.111

;

τελευτῆσαι ἐκ τοῦ τρώματος Hdt.3.29

; ἐκ τίνος λόγου; E. Andr. 548 ; ἐκ τοῦ; wherefore? Id.Hel.93 ;

λέξον ἐκ τίνος ἐπλήγης X. An.5.8.4

; ποιεῖτε ὑμῖν φίλους ἐκ τοῦ Μαμωνᾶ τῆς ἀδικίας make yourselves friends of (i.e. by means of).., Ev.Luc.16.9 ;

ζῆν ἔκ τινος X. HG3.2.11

codd.;

ἐκ τῶν ἰδίων τρέφειν ἐμαυτόν Isoc.15.152

;

ἐκ τόξων ἀνύσαι γαστρὶ φορβάν S.Ph. 710

(lyr.).

7 in accordance with, ἐκ τῶν

λογίων Hdt.1.64

;

ὁ ἐκ τῶν νόμων χρόνος D.24.28

;

ἐκ κελεύματος A. Pers. 397

, cf. Sophr.25 ;

ἐκ τῶν ξυγκειμένων Th.5.25

; ἐκ τῶν παρόντων ib.40, etc.;

ἐκ τῶν ἔργων κρινόμενοι X.Cyr.2.2.21

, cf. A.Pr. 485.

8 freq. as periphr. for Adv.,

ἐκ προνοίας IG12.115.11

; ἐκ βίας by force, S.Ph. 563 ;

ἐκ δόλου Id.El. 279

;

ἐκ παντὸς τρόπου ζητεῖν Pl.R. 499a

: esp. with neut. Adjs., ἐξ ἀγχιμόλοιο, = ἀγχίμολον, Il.24.352 ;

ἐκ τοῦ ἐμφανέος Hdt.3.150

; ἐκ τοῦ φανεροῦ, ἐκ τοῦ προφανοῦς, Th.4.106, 6.73 ;

ἐκ προδήλου S.El. 1429

; ἐξ ἴσου, ἐκ τοῦ ἴσου, Id.Tr. 485, Th.2.3 ;

ἐξ ἀέλπτου Hdt.1.111

, etc.: with fem. Adj.,

ἐκ τῆς ἰθέης Id.3.127

;

ἐκ νέης Id.5.116

;

ἐξ ὑστέρης Id.6.85

;

ἐκ τῆς ἀντίης Id.8.6

;

ἐκ καινῆς Th.3.92

;

ἐξ ἑκουσίας S.Tr. 727

; ἐκ ταχείας ib. 395.

9 of Number or Measurement, with numerals, ἐκ τρίτων in the third place, E.Or. 1178, Pl.Grg. 500a, Smp. 213b ; distributively, apiece, Ath.15.671b.

b of Price,

ἐξ ὀκτὼ ὀβολῶν SIG2587.206

; ἐκ τριῶν δραχμῶν ib.283 ;

συμφωνήσας ἐκ δηναρίου Ev.Matt.20.2

.

c of Weight,

ἐπιπέμματα ἐξ ἡμιχοινικίου Inscr.Prien.362

(iv B.C.).

d of Space, θινώδης ὢν ὁ τόπος ἐξ εἴκοσι σταδίων by the space of twenty stades, Str.8.3.19.

B ἐκ is freq. separated from its CASE, Il.11.109, etc.—It takes an accent in anastrophe, 14.472, Od.17.518.—[dialect] Ep. use it with Advbs. in -θεν, ἐξ οὐρανόθεν, ἐξ ἁλόθεν, ἐξ Αἰσύμηθεν, Il.17.548, 21.335, 8.304 ;

ἐκ Διόθεν Hes.Op. 765

;

ἐκ πρῴρηθεν Theoc.22.11

.—It is combined with other Preps. to make the sense more definite, as διέκ, παρέκ, ὑπέκ.

C IN COMPOS. the sense of removal prevails ; out, away, off.

2 to express completion, like our utterly, ἐκπέρθω, ἐξαλαπάζω, ἐκβαρβαρόω, ἐκδιδάσκω, ἐκδιψάω, ἐκδωριεύομαι, ἐξοπλίζω, ἐξομματόω, ἔκλευκος, ἔκπικρος.

D As ADVERB, therefrom, Il.18.480.

λίθος [ῐ], ου, o( (v. infr. 11),

A stone, Hom., etc.; esp. of the stones thrown by warriors, τρηχὺς λ., λ. ὀκριόεις, Il.5.308, 8.327; also, stonequoit, Od.8.190;

ἑλέσθαι.. ἐκ γαίας λίθον A.Fr.199.4

; of building- stones,

λίθοι βασιλικοί PSI4.423.28

, PCair.Zen.499.20 (both iii B.C.): prov.,

ἐν παντὶ γάρ τοι σκορπίος φρουρεῖ λίθῳ S.Fr.37

; λίθον ἕψειν 'to lose one's labour', Ar.V. 280; also of stupid persons, 'blockheads',

λίθοι Id.Nu. 1202

, cf. Thgn.568, Pl.Hp.Ma. 292d, Gal.9.656; λ. τις, ou) dou/lh Herod.6.4; προσηγορεύθη διὰ τὸ μὴ φρονεῖν λ., of Niobe, Philem.101;

ὥσπερ λίθον ζῆν Pl.Grg. 494a

sq.; λίθῳ λαλεῖς prov. of ἀναίσθητοι, Macar.5.61.

2 stone as a substance, opp. wood, flesh, etc.,

ἐπεὶ οὔ σφι λ. χρὼς οὐδὲ σίδηρος Il.4.510

; λαοὺς δὲ λίθους ποίησε turned into stone, petrified, 24.611, cf. Pl.Smp. 198c; so [

νῆα] θεῖναι λ. Od.13.156

; as an emblem of hard-heartedness,

σοὶ δ' αἰεὶ κραδίη στερεωτέρη ἐστὶ λίθοιο 23.103

, cf. Theoc.3.18.

II λίθος, ἡ, twice in Hom., Il.12.287, Od.19.494, just like masc., also in Theoc.7.26, Bion Fr.1.2: later mostly of some special stone, as the magnet is called Μαγνῆτις λ. by E.Fr. 567 (but ἡ λίθος simply in Democr.11k, Arist.Ph. 267a2, cf. v.l. de An. 405a20); also Λυδία λ. by S.Fr. 800 (but in B.Fr. 10 J. Λυδία λ. = touchstone); Ἡρακλεία λ. by Pl. Ion 533d, Epicur.Fr. 293; so of a touchstone, Pl.Grg. 486d; ἡ διαφανὴς λ. a piece of crystal used for a burning-glass, Ar.Nu. 767, cf. Luc.Alex.21; χυτὴ λ. was perh. a kind of glass, and so an older name for ὕαλος, Epin.1.8 (the same thing as the ἀρτήματα λίθινα χυτά in Hdt.2.69; cf.

τὴν ὕαλον.. ὅσα τε λίθων χυτὰ εἴδη καλεῖται Pl.Ti. 61c

); λ. = precious stone is fem. in Hp.Nat.Mul.99, IG22.1421.92, 1460.21, but masc. in Hdt.2.44, etc.; in the sense of marble mostly masc.,

λευκὸς λ. Id.4.87

(simply

λίθος 1.164

), S.Fr. 330 (λευκοὶ λ. is opp.

πέτρινοι λ. Supp.Epigr.4.446.8

([place name] Didyma));

Πάριος λ. Pi.N.4.81

, Hdt.3.57;

Ταινάριος λ. Str.8.5.7

; λ. Θάσιος, Αἰγύπτιος, etc., Paus.1.18.6, etc.;

κογχίτης Id.1.44.6

;

κογχυλιάτης X.An.3.4.10

; but

Παρία λ. Theoc.6.38

, Luc.Am.13; cf. λυχνίας, -ίτης; πώρινος λ. tufa, Hdt.5.62.

2 collectively, πέφυκε λίθος.. ἄφθονος, ἐξ οὗ .. X.Vect.1.4.

III grave-stone (fem.), Call.Epigr.8.1.

IV at Athens, λίθος, ὁ, was a name for various blocks of stone used for rostra or platforms, as,

1 the βῆμα (q.v.) of the Pnyx, Ar.Ach. 683, Pax 680, Ec.87.

2 another in the ἀγορά used by the κήρυκες, Plu.Sol.8; prob. the same as ὁ πρατὴρ λ., on which the auctioneer stood when selling slaves, etc., Poll.3.78, cf. 126.

3 an altar in the ἀγορά, at which the Thesmothetae, arbitrators, and witnesses took their oaths, Philoch.65, D.54.26 (restored from Harp. s.v. λίθος), Arist.Ath.7.1, 55.5, Plu.Sol.25; cf. λιθωμότης.

4 two stones on which litigants stood in the Areopagus, Paus.1.28.5.

V piece on a draughtboard, Alc.82, Theoc. 6.18, cf.

γραμμή 111.1

: hence pron.,

πάντα λίθον κινεῖν Zen.5.63

(who explains it differently).

VI Medic., stone in the bladder, calculus, Arist.HA 519b19, Hp.Morb.4.55, al.

VII Δία λίθον ὀμνύναι, = Lat. Jovem lapidem jurare, Plb.3.25.6.

VIII λίθοι χαλάζης hail- stones, LXX Jo.10.11.

IX λ. ὁ οὐ λ. the philosophers' stone, Zos. Alch.p.122 B.

* * *

θεσμός, [dialect] Dor. [full] τεθμός (v. infr.), [full] θεθμός IG5(2).159 (Tegea, v B.C.), Isyll.12, [dialect] Locr. [full] τετθμός Berl.Sitzb.1927.8 (v B.C.): ὁ: pl. θεσμοί, poet.

A

θεσμά S.Fr.92

: ([etym.] τίθημι):—that which is laid down, law, ordinance, once in Hom.,

λέκτροιο παλαιοῦ θεσμὸν ἵκοντο Od.23.296

; εἰρήνης θεσμοί the order of peace, h.Hom.8.16; esp. of divine laws,

θ. τὸν μοιρόκραντον ἐκ θεῶν A.Eu. 391

; ἵμερος.. τῶν μεγάλων πάρεδρος θ. S.Ant. 800 (lyr.); οἱ τῶν θεῶν θ. X.Cyr.1.6.6; θ. Ἀδραστείας, οἱ τῆς εἱμαρμένης θ., Pl.Phdr. 248c, Plu.2.111d;

παρέβη θ. ἀρχαίους Ar.Av. 331

(lyr.).

2 of human law, οἱ πάτριοι θ. Hdt.3.31; at Athens, esp. of the laws of Draco, IG12.115.20, And.1.81, Decr. ib.83, Arist.Ath.4.1, etc., cf. Ael.VH8.10: used by Solon of his own laws, Sol.36.16, cf. 31.2, Plu.Sol.19;

ὁ ταῦτα ἀπεργαζόμενος θ. νόμος ἂν ὀρθῶς εἴη κείμενος Pl.Ep. 355c

; ὁ τοῖς ἄλλοις τιθέμενος θεσμοὺς

Δημήτριος Duris 10J.

;

ὅδ' ὁ τεθμὸς πὲρ τῶν ἐντοφηΐων GDI2561

C19 (Delph.): in later poetry, θεσμοί,= law, jurisprudence, Epigr.Gr. 434.4, al.; θεσμῶν ταμίης, πρόμαχος, IG3.637, 638.

3 generally, rule, precept, rite, S.Tr. 682; θ. πυρός the law of the beacon-fire, A.Ag. 304;

τεθμὸς ἀέθλων Pi.O.6.69

; στεφάνων τ. the appointed crowns, ib.13.29; θ. ὅδ' εὔφρων the cheering strain (cf. νόμος), A. Supp. 1034 (lyr.);

ὕμνου τεθμὸν Ὀλυμπιονίκαν Pi.O.7.88

;

μακάρων Id.Pae.4.47

.

II institution, as the tribunal of the Areopagus, A. Eu. 615; τεθμὸς Ἡρακλέος, Ποτειδᾶνος τεθμοί, the Olympian, Isthmian games, Pi.N.10.33, O.13.40.

III = θησαυρός, Anacr.58.

IV θεσμοί· αἱ συνθέσεις τῶν ξύλων, Hsch.

ἄγνωστος, ον (Hom.+; pap [PGiss 3, 2f [117 A.D.] ἥκω σοι, ὦ δῆμε, οὐκ ἄγνωστος Φοῖβος θεός]; LXX; ApcSed 11, 4; Iren. 1, 20, 3 [Harv. I 180, 12]; 21, 3 [Harv. I 183, 9] al.; Philo; Jos., C. Ap. 2, 167 [of God’s οὐσία] al.; Just.) pert. to that which is unknown because of lack of information, unknown in the ins on an altar in Athens ἀγνώστῳ θεῷ Ac 17:23 (this phrase is found neither in the Hebrew Bible nor in the LXX; cp. Paus. 1, 1, 4: ἐπὶ τῇ Φαλερῷ … Ἀθηνᾶς ναός ἐστιν … βωμοὶ θεῶν τε ὀνομαζομένων ἀγνώστων καὶ ἡρώων; cp. 5, 14, 8 and a Pergamene ins [HHepding, MAI 35, 1910, 454–57]). Cp. also Diog. L. 1, 110 ἔτι καὶ νῦν ἔστι εὑρεῖν κατὰ τοὺς δήμους τ. Ἀθηναίων βωμοὺς ἀνωνύμους. Norden, Agn. Th. 1913, 115–25 thinks that this expr. comes fr. a speech by Apollonius of Tyana (cp. Philostrat., Vi. Apoll. 6, 3, 5 ἀγνώστων δαιμόνων βωμοὶ ἵδρυνται). On the problem s. Clemen 290–300; REgger, Von Römern, Juden, Christen u. Barbaren: SBWienAk 247, 3 ’65; WGöber, Pauly-W. 2d ser. V ’34, 1988–94; AHarnack, TU 39, 1, 1913, 1–46; Rtzst., NJklA 31, 1913, 146ff; 393ff; PCorssen, ZNW 14, 1913, 309ff; FBurkitt, JTS 15, 1914, 455–64; TBirt, RhM 69, 1914, 342ff; OWeinreich, De Dis Ignotis: ARW 18, 1915, 1–52; AWikenhauser, D. Apostelgesch. 1921, 369–94; Meyer III 1923, 96–98; Dssm., Paulus² 1925, 226–29 (Eng. tr. Paul 1926, 287–91); KLake: Beginn. I/5, ’33, 240–46; MDibelius, Pls. auf d. Areopag ’39=ch. 2 in Studies in the Acts, ed. HGreeven, ’56. BGärtner, The Areopagus Speech and Natural Revelation, ’55, 242–47 (lit.); PvanderHorst, in: Knowledge of God in the Graeco-Roman World ’88, 19–42. For further lit. see s.v. Ἄρειος πάγος.—DELG s.v. γιγνώσκω 224. M-M. TW.

δεισιδαίμων, ον, gen. ονος can, like δεισιδαιμονία, be used in a denigrating sense ‘superstitious’ (cp. Maximus Tyr. 14, 6f in critique of the δ. as a κόλαξ ‘flatterer’ of the gods μακάριος εὐσεβὴς φίλος θεοῦ, δυστηχὴς δὲ ὁ δεισιδαίμων [s. H. app. and T.’s rdg.]; Philo, Cher. 42; s. Field, Notes 125–27), but in the laudatory introduction of Paul’s speech before the Areopagus Ac 17:22 it must mean devout, religious (so X., Cyr. 3, 3, 58, Ages. 11, 8; Aristot., Pol. 5, 11 p. 1315a, 1; Kaibel 607, 3 πᾶσι φίλος θνητοῖς εἴς τʼ ἀθανάτους δεισιδαίμων) comp. for superl. (as Diog. L. 2, 132): δεισιδαιμονεστέρους ὑμᾶς θεωρῶ I perceive that you are very devout people Ac 17:22 (the Athenians as the εὐσεβέστατοι τ. Ἑλλήνων: Jos., C. Ap. 2, 130. Cp. Paus. Attic. 24, 3 Ἀθηναίοις περισσότερόν τι ἢ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἐς τὰ θεῖά ἐστι σπουδῆς).—DELG s.v. δαίμων. TW. Spicq.

scŏpŭlus, i, m., = skopelos, a projecting point of rock; a rock, cliff, crag, esp. a rock, shelf, ledge in the sea.

Lit. (mostly poet.; not in Cic., but v. infra, II.; cf.:

rupes, cautes), in the sea: ut pars (remigum) ad scopulos allisa interficeretur,

Caes. B. C. 3, 27 fin.; id. B. G. 3, 13; Poët. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 41, 166; Verg. G. 3, 261; id. A. 1, 145; 5, 270; Ov. M. 4, 524; 9, 592:

frequentes,

Juv. 13, 246:

vomentes aequor,

Luc. 6, 24:

immanes,

Ov. M. 14, 182; cf.

of a promontory,

Hor. C. 1, 3, 20; Ov. F. 4, 419:

scopuli errantes, of the Symplegades,

Val. Fl. 3, 621; 4, 681.—On land:

scopuli rupesque cavae,

Verg. G. 3, 253; id. A. 4, 445; 12, 531; Sil. 10, 263; Stat. Th. 7, 665; Val. Fl. 6, 632;

of the cavern of Cacus,

Verg. A. 8, 192:

scopulus Mavortis, of the Areopagus,

Ov. M. 6, 70:

his inmobilior scopulis, of a man hard to move,

id. ib. 13, 801:

scopulis surdior,

Hor. C. 3, 7, 21; cf.:

ferrum et scopulos gestare in corde,

Ov. M. 7, 33:

natus es e scopulis,

id. Tr. 3, 11, 3.—

Trop., a rock, = a difficulty, danger, harm, evil, etc. (freq. in Cic.; also commended by him as a figure): cum neque Musarum scopulos quisquam superarat, Enn. ap. Cic. Brut. 19, 76 (Ann. v. 223 Vahl.):

qui te ad scopulum e tranquillo inferat,

Ter. Phorm. 4, 4, 8:

Syrtim patrimonii scopulum libentius dixerim,

Cic. de Or. 3, 41, 163:

nec tuas umquam rationes ad eos scopulos, appulisses, ad quos Sex. Titii afflictam navem et in quibus C. Deciani naufragium fortunarum videres,

id. Rab. Perd. 9, 25; id. de Or. 2, 37, 154; id. Rosc. Am. 29, 79:

in scopulos vitae incidere,

id. Consol. Fragm. 2, p. 489 Orell.:

(Piso et Gabinius) geminae voragines scopulique rei publicae,

id. Pis. 18, 41; cf. Flor. 4, 9, 1:

(Pompeius) Ille tremor Ponti et piratarum scopulus, Petr. poët. 123, 240: commeatum publicum in scopulos annonae impingere,

Quint. Decl. 12, 22:

cujus tribunal scopulus reorum dicebatur,

Val. Max. 3, 7, 9:

e scopulo cadere,

to be ruined, Amm. 30, 5, 10.

πάγος [ᾰ], ὁ, ([etym.] πήγνυμι) prop.,

A that which is fixed or firmly set:

I crag, rock,

σπιλάδες τε πάγοι τε Od.5.405

; π. ὀξέες ib. 411: generally, rocky hill, Hes.Sc. 439, Pi.O.10(11).49, I.2.33;

χλοερὸς ὑλώδης π. S.Ichn.215

; ὁ Ἄρειος ([dialect] Ion. Ἀρήϊος) π. the Areopagus at Athens, Hdt. 8.52, cf. A.Eu. 685sq.;

Ἄρεος εὔβουλος π. S.OC 947

;

Ἀρείοις ἐν π. E. IT 1470

, cf. 961;

ἐν κλεινοῖς Ἀθηναίων π. S.Fr. 323

; μαντεῖος, ἀκρονιφὴς π., of Delphi, Pae.Delph.7, 16.

II after Hom., = παγετός, frost,

πάγου χυθέντος S.Ph. 293

;

π. φανέντος αἰθρίου Id.Fr.149.3

;

ὄντος π. οἵου δεινοτάτου Pl.Smp. 220b

, etc.: pl.,

τῶν ὑπαιθρίων π. A.Ag. 335

, cf. S.Ant. 357 (lyr.), Arist.HA 523a20, GA 735a35, etc.: heterocl. dat. pl.

πάγεσι Id.Pr. 907a9

: dat. sg. πάγει (v.l. πάγοις) D. S.3.34.

2 scum on the surface of milk, Sch.Nic.Al.91.

3 salt, as formed by the evaporation of sea-water, Lyc.135.

4 coagulation, π. αἵματος Aret.CA2.2, cf. SA2.7.

5 ἄκριτον πάγος of the confused mass outside the universe, Hp.Hebd.6;

τὸν περιέχοντα πάγον Id.Vict.1.10

, cf. Paul.Al.I.4.